- FORMA- Formamos la voz pasiva con el verbo "to be" en el mismo tiempo verbal que el verbo activo + el participio de pasado del tiempo verbal.- El sujeto de la oración activa pasa a ser el complemento agente de la voz pasiva precedido de la preposición "by".
- El objeto directo o indirecto de la oración activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la oración pasiva.e.g. (voz activa) The plumbers installed the central heating yesterday.Sujeto verbo act. C. Directo CCT
(voz pasiva) The central heating was installed yesterday by the plumbers.Sujeto verbo pas. CCT C. Agente
TIEMPOS VERBALES
TIEMPO VERBAL |
VOZ ACTIVA
|
VOZ PASIVA
|
Presente Simple |
writes / write
|
am/is/are written
|
Presente Continuo |
is/are writing
|
am/is/are being written
|
Pasado Simple |
wrote
|
was/were written
|
Pasado continuo |
was/were writing
|
was/were being written
|
Presente Perfecto Simple |
has/have written
|
has/have been written
|
Pasado Perfecto |
had written
|
had been written
|
Futuro Simple |
will write
|
will be written
|
Futuro "going to" |
am/is/are going to write
|
am/is/are going to be written
|
Futuro Perfecto |
will have written
|
will have been written
|
Condicional Simple |
would write
|
would be written
|
Condicional Perfecto |
would have written
|
would have been written
|
Modales |
can/could/must/should/have to/ought to…write
|
can/could/must/should/have to/ought to…be written
|
Modales Perfectos |
can/could/must/should/have to/ought to…have written
|
can/could/must/should/have to/ought to…have been written
|
Infinitivo Simple |
to write
|
to be written
|
Infinitivo Perfecto |
to have written
|
to have been written
|
Gerundio |
writing
|
being written
|
Participio |
written
|
been written
|
- USO
- El uso de la pasiva es mucho más común en inglés que en castellano (prensa, publicidad, discursos…)
- La voz pasiva se utiliza cuando queremos hablar de algo o alguien afectado por una acción poniendo énfasis en la acción y en su objeto. E.g. The food was cooked quickly. (La comida fue cocinada rápidamente.)
- El complemento agente introducido por "by" se puede omitir en los siguientes casos:- Cuando está claro quién es, e.g. The thief was arrested last night.
- Cuando no es importante o se desconoce, e.g. My dog was found two days ago.
- El complemento agente aparece cuando tiene importancia, e.g. Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci
- VERBOS CON DOS OBJETOS
- Cuando el verbo activo tiene dos objetos, el objeto indirecto generalmente pasa a ser el sujeto de la oración pasiva.e.g. (act.) They gave her a lot of Money.
(pas.) She was given a lot of money. / A lot of money was given to her.
Entre los verbos que admiten esta estructura hay que destacar: give, send, show, lend, ask, tell, offer, order y pay. Sin embargo con los verbos ask y tell no suele usarse la estructura en la que el objeto directo pasa a ser el sujeto de la voz pasiva.
- OTROS USOS DE LA VOZ PASIVA: PASIVA DE "COTILLEO" o PERSONAL
- La pasiva suele emplearse también con verbos como: believe, think, report, say, tell, etc. con los que podemos formar dos clases diferentes de estructuras. A este tipo de pasiva se le llama vulgarmente pasiva de cotilleo porque tiene la siguiente estructura: sujeto: pronombre, people…+ verbo de pensamiento o habla: believe, think, report, say, tell…+ oración subordinada completiva: (that) + sujeto + verbo + complementos.e.g. (act.) They say that this monument is emblematic.
(pas.) It is said that this monument is emblematic. (Se dice que…)
(pas.) This monument is said to be emblematic.
e.g. (act.) They believe that these documents belonged to a German Emperor.
(pas.) It is believed that these documents belonged to a German Emperor.
(pas.) These documents are believed to have belonged to a German Emperor.
e.g. (act.) They thought these people had lived in Nepal.
(pas.) It was thought that these people had lived in Nepal.
(pas.) These people were thought to have lived in Nepal.
- CAUSATIVE HAVE: HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE
- Empleamos la estructura: have / get + objeto + participio de pasado con un sentido pasivo para expresar que alguien hace algo para nosotros.e.g. We're going to have / get our house painted.
e.g. John had his car washed every week.
e.g. He's had his bike repaired. - En algunas situaciones se puede utilizar la estructura: have + objeto + participio de pasado para indicar que nos ha sucedido algo no demasiado agradable.e.g. She had her handbag stolen while she was walking.
- Get se usa en el lenguaje oral de forma más informal.